Since MongoDB is a schema-less NoSQL database, we use Mongoose to define a schema for our Node.js application. Mongoose is an Object Data Modeling (ODM) tool designed to work in an asynchronous environment.
You can think of a Mongoose schema as a blueprint for defining the structure of a Mongoose model that maps directly to a MongoDB collection.
A schema type is then a configuration object for an individual property within a schema. It defines the type of data a path should have, how to validate that path, the default value, whether it has any getters/setters, and other configuration options.
Here is an example:
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const { Schema } = mongoose;
const schema = new Schema({
name: String,
joinDate: {
type: Date,
default: Date.now
}
});
schema.path('name') instanceof mongoose.SchemaType; // true
schema.path('name') instanceof mongoose.SchemaType.String; // true
The type Attribute
As you can see above, there are two ways to define a schema type for a property. You can either use the shorthand notation (leave out type altogether) or an object notation. If you use the object notation {...}, you must define the type attribute.
The type attribute is a special property in Mongoose schemas. When Mongoose finds the type attribute in a nested object, it automatically understands that it needs to define a property with the given schema type:
const schema = new Schema({
title: String,
author: {
type: String,
required: true
},
createdAt: {
type: Date,
default: Date.now
}
});
If the type attribute is missing in a nested object, Mongoose treats it as a nested path as shown below:
const schema = new Schema({
name: String,
address: {
city: String,
state: String,
country: String
}
});
What if you want to define a property named type in your Mongoose schema? It can be a little tricky.
For example, let us say that you are building a job board and you want to store the type of the job (full-time, part-time, contract, etc.) along with other job information. Naively, you might end up defining your schema like the following:
const schema = new Schema({
title: String,
url: String,
salary: Number,
meta: {
type: String,
featured: Boolean,
highlight: Boolean
}
});
schema.path('meta').instance; // String (Wrong)
In the above example schema, you might expect meta to be an object with three nested properties. But, unfortunately, type is a special property in Mongoose schemas. It will assume that you want meta to act like a string and not an object with a property type.
For such scenarios, you have to explicitly define the type of the type property as shown below:
const schema = new Schema({
title: String,
url: String,
salary: Number,
meta: {
type: {
type: String
},
featured: Boolean,
highlight: Boolean
}
});
Available Schema Types
Mongoose has the following schema types that you can use to define a schema:
String
The string is one of the most popular data types in computer programming along with numbers. To define as a string, you may either use the String global constructor or the string 'String' as shown below:
const schema = new Schema({
title: String,
url: 'String'
});
const Post = mongoose.model('Post', schema);
When you assign a value to a string property, Mongoose automatically attempts to convert it into a string. If you pass a value that has the toString() function, Mongoose will call it unless the property is an array:
new Post({ title: 43 }).title; // "43"
new Post({ title: { toString: () => 43 } }); // "43"
new Post({ title: { job: 43 } }); // Error on `save()`
Number
To define a path as a number, you can either use the Number global constructor or the string 'Number':
const schema = new Schema({
age: Number,
salary: 'Number'
});
const User = mongoose.model('User', schema);
Mongoose automatically casts several types of values to a number:
new User({ age: '23' }).age; // 23
new User({ age: true }).age; // 1
If you pass an object with a valueOf() method that evaluates to a number, Mongoose will call it and assign the returned value to the property:
new User({ salary: valueOf = () => 1500 }).salary; // 1500
The values null and undefined are not cast to a number:
new User({ age: null }).age; // null
new User({ age: undefined }).age; // undefined
NaN, strings that cast to NaN, arrays, and objects that do not have a valueOf() function are also not cast to a number and results in a CastError error upon validation.
Date
To declare a path as a date, you can use the global Date object:
const schema = new Schema({
name: String,
age: Number,
dateOfBirth: Date
});
const User = mongoose.model('User', schema);
Buffer
To declare a path as a buffer, you can use the global Buffer constructor or the string Buffer:
const schema = new Schema({
meta: Buffer,
data: 'Buffer'
});
const Server = mongoose.model('Server', schema);
Mongoose will automatically cast the below values to buffers in Node.js:
const s1 = new Server({ meta: 'data' });
const s2 = new Server({ meta: 345 });
const s3 = new Server({ meta: { type: 'Buffer', data: [4, 5, 6] } });
Mixed
The mixed schema type means "anything goes". The property that has a mixed schema type can hold any value. Mongoose will not do any datacasting on mixed properties.
There are several ways to define a mixed path. The following are equivalent:
const schema = new Schema({ meta: {} });
const schema = new Schema({ meta: Object });
const schema = new Schema({ meta: Schema.Types.Mixed });
const schema = new Schema({ meta: mongoose.Mixed });
ObjectId
The ObjectId is a special schema type in Mongoose that is used for storing unique values. To declare a property as a unique identifier, you can use the ObjectId type as shown below:
const schema = new Schema({
identifier: mongoose.ObjectId,
name: String
});
const Car = mongoose.model('Car', schema);
To assign an ObjectId to a property, you can use the mongoose.Types.ObjectId constructor:
const car = new Car({
identifier: new mongoose.Types.ObjectId(),
name: 'BMW'
});
typeof car.identifier; // object
car.identifier instanceof mongoose.Types.ObjectId; // true
car.identifier; // 5febbcbb57a9528bcdacc4bd
Boolean
In Mongoose, booleans are just plain JavaScript booleans. By default, Mongoose casts the following values to true:
true'true'1'1''yes'
The following values are cast to false by Mongoose:
false'false'0'0''no'
const schema = new Schema({
name: String,
admin: Boolean,
age: Number
});
Arrays
The array is the most commonly used data structure in JavaScript and other programming languages for storing multiple data chunks in a single variable.
Mongoose supports both arrays of other schema types as well as arrays of sub-documents. Arrays of schema types are also known as primitive arrays, and arrays of sub-documents are also called document arrays:
const comments = new Schema({ body: String });
const posts = new Schema({
title: String,
upvotes: [Number],
favorites: [String],
comments: [comments]
});
const Post = mongoose.model('Post', posts);
By default, any property with the array schema type has a default value of [] (empty array):
const post = new Post();
console.log(post.upvotes); // []
console.log(post.comments); // []
To overwrite this default value, you need to provide a default value for the property:
const schema = new Schema({
upvotes: {
type: [Number],
default: undefined
}
});
Maps
Maps in Mongoose is a sub-class of the JavaScript's map class. They are used by Mongoose to create nested documents with arbitrary keys:
const schema = new Schema({
name: String,
attributes: {
type: Map,
of: String
}
});
const User = mongoose.model('User', schema);
Notice the attributes property above. It has a type of Map along with one additional key of. The of key defines the type of values will this map holds.
In Mongoose maps, keys must be strings to store the document in MongoDB:
const user = new User({
name: 'Alex',
attributes: {
job: 'Software Engineer',
age: '25'
}
});
// {
// _id: 5fee2e799e6627a3f3334343,
// name: 'Alex',
// attributes: Map(2) { 'job' => 'Software Engineer', 'age' => '25' }
// }
To get and set the value of a key, you must use get() and set() methods of the Map class respectively:
user.attributes.get('job'); // Software Engineer
user.attributes.get('age'); // 25
user.attributes.set('age', '31');
user.attributes.get('age'); // 31
Schema Type Options
In addition to the type property, you can also define additional properties for a path. For example, if you want to change the case of the string, you can use lowercase and uppercase properties:
const schema = new Schema({
title: String,
permalink: {
type: String,
lowercase: true
},
uuid: {
type: String,
uppercase: true
}
});
Similarly, if you want to make sure a path always exists, use the required property to add the required validator:
const schema = new Schema({
name: {
type: String,
required: true
}
});
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